Fundamental Analysis
Read financials and ratios to find great businesses.
Margin of Safety: Benjamin Graham's Foundation for Investing
Margin of safety explained for absolute beginners — Benjamin Graham's core value-investing idea. Learn intrinsic value, the safety buffer, the simple formula, and how Indian investors use it on the NSE and BSE.
DCF Explained Simply: A Beginner's Guide
DCF values a stock by adding up its future cash flows in today's money. A simple, step-by-step guide for Indian beginners — no spreadsheets required.
Debt to Equity Ratio: Formula & Safe Levels
Debt to equity ratio shows how much a company borrows against its own capital. The formula, safe levels by sector for Indian stocks, the gross-versus-net distinction, and the warning signs every beginner should know.
Dividend Yield: What It Tells You About a Stock
Dividend yield shows how much cash a stock pays you each year as a percentage of its price. What the number means in Indian markets, and where it lies to you.
EPS (Earnings Per Share) Explained
EPS shows how much profit a company earns per share. How basic and diluted EPS are calculated, what the number means on Indian stocks, and when it lies.
FII/DII Data: Daily Noise vs Signal in Indian Markets
FII and DII data drives daily market headlines. Why most of it is noise, what the real signal looks like, and how a beginner should read these flows in India.
Free Cash Flow: Why It Matters More Than Profit
Free cash flow is the money a company actually pockets after paying its bills. Why FCF tells a truer story than profit on Indian stocks, with worked examples.
How to Read an Annual Report Without Getting Lost
Learn how to read an Indian annual report in ninety minutes: start with the auditor's report and the notes, then MD&A and cash flow, and pull the five numbers that separate a real compounder from a story stock.
How to read quarterly results: a beginner's guide
Reading quarterly results means checking four numbers in the right order. The Indian beginner's guide to Q-results, YoY vs QoQ, and the concall trap.
Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio Explained for Beginners
The P/B ratio is share price divided by book value per share. What price-to-book really measures, illustrative sector ranges in India, and why it is the right valuation tool for banks and NBFCs.
P/E Ratio: The Most Misused Number in Investing
The P/E ratio is the most quoted and most misread number in investing. What it really measures, sector ranges in India, and how to avoid the low-P/E trap.
Promoter Holding: What to Watch For in Indian Stocks
Promoter holding shows how much skin the founders have in their own company. What the number means on NSE, the sweet-spot range, and the pledge red flag.
ROE vs ROCE vs ROA: Which Ratio Matters?
ROE, ROCE and ROA show how efficiently a company turns money into profit. Learn which ratio matters by sector, and how debt can quietly inflate ROE and fool you.
Working Capital: Full Guide for Indian Investors
Working capital is current assets minus current liabilities. Learn the formula, the current ratio, the cash conversion cycle, accounting versus operating working capital, and when negative working capital signals strength rather than trouble in Indian stocks.
Nifty PE Ratio: What It Means & How to Use It
Learn what Nifty PE Ratio means, how NSE calculates it, what is considered cheap or expensive, and why investors should not use it alone. Beginner-friendly guide with examples.
Real trading, explained simply.
Daily videos showing how trading actually works in real life — walked through step by step, in plain language, by VRD Rao.